1.) Since light does not have mass, momentum is not applicable. It will resume the speed of light (c) once it reenters the vacuum. 2.) A pulse of light leaving planet X will travel at c. D=cT can be used to calculate the time it will take for the pulse to reach earth from the position of the planet at the moment that the pulse was transmitted. However, if a 2nd pulse were to be tranmitted 1s later, it would take longer than 1s after the first pulse to reach us due to the longer distance of plant X's new position. 3.) The ever expanding universe is what is causing the difference in c (or at least our ability to measure it)